Friday, 4 July 2014

KISS: The Unplanned Admissions ES for England

KISS Guide to the Unplanned Admissions Enhanced Service for England

Proactive Case Finding and Care Review for Vulnerable People

The Unplanned Admissions Enhanced Service is now upon us. It replaces the work of parts of QOF and the QP domain. It also replaces the Risk Profiling Enhanced Service, but it builds on this concept so that the ideas and work that needs to be done are not be entirely new. The BMA have produced an excellent BMA Guide for Practices, and we summarize the main points below.

Templates for care plans, letters to patients etc. are available to download (these are optional, you can use your own)

Why are we doing this?

It may be called ‘avoiding unplanned admissions’, but the subtitle ‘proactive case finding and care review for vulnerable people’ really defines our role. There is general consensus that to avoid unplanned admissions requires a system wide approach that co-ordinates social care, community nursing, rehabilitation and NHS 111. For case management to work and reduce admissions all these components need to be in place,  Kings Fund Report on Case Management. We are an important part of this picture, but only a part, and our role is to explicitly identify our most vulnerable patients and to optimize and co-ordinate their care.

What do practices need to be doing now?

  • Establish the at-risk ‘case management’ register
    • The 2% of the practice population aged over 18 at highest risk of unplanned admission
    •   CCGs should provide GPs with a risk stratification tool to do this, but if not available practices should use clinical judgement
    • We would recommend the QAdmissions tool as this is the best research validated   tool. It can be integrated into any GP system and costs c. £600 per practice. (please note that NB Medical has NO financial interest in QAdmissions or any other tool)
  •  Inform patients that they are on the register & of their named accountable GP and care co-ordinator
    • The named accountable GP will have the responsibility of developing the care plan & appointing the care co-ordinator
    • The accountable GP will be responsible for the patient’s care but patients should be reassured that this GP is not their sole care provider and that they will continue to see other members of the team as they currently do
    • The care co-ordinator will be the main point of contact for the patient & also check the care plan is being delivered. This could be a clinician, practice nurse or community nurse
    • Patients need to be informed by the end of July 2014 (unless patients aged over 75 have already been informed of their named GP as part of the 2014 GMS Contract Changes)
  • Ž Put a personalised care plan in place
    •   By the end of September
    • Optional Templates are available and the BMA Guide for Practices indicates the key details that need to be included which include
      • The key biographical information, the key people involved in care, key relevant medical information, individual preferences (e.g. end of life wishes) and key action points (e.g. early signs of deterioration with agreed action plan)
      • Note that if a patient has dementia, serious mental illness or learning disability they should already have a care plan in place
  •  Offer a by-pass number for other care providers
    •  Available for hospital, carers, nursing homes, paramedics etc. to use for urgent matters
  •  Offer same day telephone access to patients on the register with an urgent problem
    • Which we would be doing anyway...

  • Follow-up patients on the register following discharge from hospital
    • Ditto…but follow up within 3 days of the discharge note being received
  • Regular review of emergency admissions & A&E attendances of
    • Patients on the at risk register on a monthly basis
    •   Patients from care and nursing homes should also have their admissions reviewed (practices with large numbers of these may look at samples and negotiate the terms of this locally with their Area Team)
  • Complete a quarterly report
    • To be submitted to the Area team and CCG each quarter
    • Payments will be based on a maximum of £2.87 per registered patient (i.e. so for a 10,000 patient practice it will be worth nearly £30K pa), 45% upfront and the remainder based on the quarterly reports and an additional 15% end-year payment for undertaking regular internal review of all unplanned admissions for vulnerable patients
    •  See the BMA Guide for Practices for payment information

It is clear that most of the work will be in identifying the patients, setting up the care plans and reviewing admissions. This is a lot of work, and the care co-ordinator role will be key to manage the workload. Although the concept is new, it formalises a lot of the core, traditional values of General practice: maximising continuity and co-ordinating care for our most vulnerable patients.

Good luck!!

Simon & the NB Team



Thursday, 3 July 2014

NEW Out of Hours Course

The NB Medical GP Out of Hours Course

‘The course was absolutely brilliant! Super!!’
Delegate on our first OOH Course, for Dalriada Urgent Care May 2014

'OOH care is a topical issue in relation to clinical and educational supervision of trainees...this course is a high quality educational activity' RCGP Accreditation Panel 2014

From 2014, NB Medical are delighted to offer a version of the Hot Topics GP Update course tailored specifically to the needs of Out of Hours doctors and nurse practitioners. The course is fully accredited by the RCGP.

The course will run in London on November 5th and in Manchester on November 25th.

OOH GPs and nurses are the unsung heroes of the NHS and this course will make it easier for them to provide high quality, evidence-based OOH care. It will also make them feel good about the incredible job they do, motivate and inspire them.

The course content will be quite different from the usual Hot Topics course and it will come with it’s own unique book.

During this one-day course we will cover:
·      The latest evidence from the peer reviewed international literature and mainstream guidelines on the management of the acute conditions most commonly seen ‘out of hours’
·      Serious & challenging problems seen in OOH care e.g. end of life care, psychiatric emergencies
·      The evidence around telephone advice and introducing a new model for safe, effective and efficient telephone consulting
·      Risk management: common pitfalls and errors, and how to avoid them

Delegates will receive a special ‘Out of Hours’ course book ('A well structured and informative course booklet' RCGP Accreditation Panel). The book will be in paper and electronic format and include KISS (evidence-based keep it simple summaries) for all the conditions commonly seen in OOH. You will be able to access it easily on phone or tablet whilst working. It will include links to self-care information that you can direct patients to.

This course will inspire and motivate OOH doctors and give them the tools to provide safe, effective and evidence-based care.


For more information and to book click here

Simon and Gail

Wednesday, 4 June 2014

KISS Guide to the NOACS

A Keep it Simple Summary guide to the NOACS 

You wait 50 years for a new anticoagulant to come along, and then 3 come along at once...with a fourth (Edoxaban) just round the corner.

For the last 5 years evidence has been emerging for the novel oral anticoagulants (NOACS) dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban as an alternative to warfarin for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism. All have been approved by NICE and the SMC as alternative options to warfarin. 

This month NICE are to publish their updated guideline on Atrial Fibrillation and it is expected (in line with NICE draft AF Guideline 2014) that GPs will be able to prescribe all 3 on the NHS. It is also anticipated that for patients who are already taking warfarin that we will be encouraged to assess their TTR (time in the therapeutic range) and if this is <65% to consider switching warfarin to a NOAC.

We would argue that for the majority of patients warfarin should remain the first-line option. It has 50 years of clinical experience behind it, it is cheap, it is effective, we can tell if patients are actually taking it, it is safe if properly monitored and there is an antidote in case of haemorrhage.

However, many patients are likely to choose to have a NOAC for understandable reasons of convenience and there is a strong argument (improved efficacy) for switching to a NOAC if patients INR is not well controlled. So, we shall all be prescribing these drugs much more over the next few years. There are some important differences between them which will influence which is the most appropriate for your patient. We present our KISS NOAC guide to help you - this is a general guide, all doses should be checked & prescribing should be guided by an appropriate national formulary such as The BNF


Note that all 3 of these NOACs share the following:

·     They are licensed for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular AF with one or more of the following risk factors
o   Prior CVA or TIA
o   Age over 75
o   Symptomatic heart failure
o   Hypertension
o   DM 
·      
Contraindications
o   Active clinically significant bleeding or significant risk of major bleeding
o   Pregnancy and breast feeding
o   Additional anticoagulant therapy (extreme care and specialist advice with antiplatelet therapy)
o   Concomitant therapy with ketoconazole, itraconazole and HIV protease inhibitors

All patients need to be warned re bleeding risk and to get medical advice ASAP if bleeding occurs. They also need to be reminded on the crucial importance of compliance, as efficacy will quickly drop if tablets are missed. They all share a very high cost, which is likely to be subject to some regional variation but is approximately £800 per annum.


Differences between the NOACs


Dabigatran
Rivaroxaban
Apixaban
Mechanism
Direct thrombin inhibitor
Factor Xa inhibitor
Factor Xa inhibitor
Time to peak levels
3 hours
3 hours
3 hours
Half-life, h
12-17
5-13
9-14
Excretion
80% renal (avoid then if renal problems)
66% liver, 33% renal (avoid then with liver disease)
75% faecal, 25% renal 
(NB Apixaban is the preferred choice in CKD NICE 2014)
Dose
150mg bd (110mg bd if aged over 80)
20mg od (same dose in elderly)
5mg bd (2.5mg bd if age over 80 and under 60kg)
Dose in renal impairment
110mg bd if egfr 30-50, contraindicated if eGFR <30
15mg od if eGFR 15 to 50, not recommended if eGFR <15
2.5mg bd if eGFR 15-29, not recommended if eGFR <15
Interactions
PPIs may impair absorption
Avoid enzyme inducers & ciclosporin/tacrolimus
Increased bleeding risk with verapamil, amiodarone, quinidine, ketoconazole, SSRI, SNRI & clarithromycin
Enzyme inducers (e.g. rifampicin, phenytoin, carbamazepine etc) reduce efficacy
Avoid dronaderone & voriconazole
Enzyme inducers (e.g. rifampicin, phenytoin, carbamazepine etc) reduce efficacy
Avoid voriconazole
Administration
Swallow whole , opening capsules may increase bleeding risk
Dyspepsia more commonly reported than with warfarin & the other NOACs
Take with food
No special directions

Helping patients to decide

NICE have produced a decision aid to help patients choose between the different anticoagulant options

NICE NOAC decision aid for patients

The MHRA also produced updated safety advice in Oct 2013



Simon Curtis

Thursday, 8 May 2014

NB Medical Hot Topics Out of Hours Course

We did our first ever Hot Topics Out of Hours course yesterday here in beautiful Northern Ireland. The course, for Dalriada Urgent Care, was full with over 200 delegates & the feedback was great. We covered:
  • conditions commonly seen in OOH (with evidence-based Keep it Simple Summaries) e.g. RTIs incl croup & bronchiolitis, pre-school wheeze, exacerbations of asthma, COPD, pneumonia, vertigo & dizziness, red eye, gastroenteritis, chest pain, diagnosis of VTE, common MSK problems, acute kidney injury etc etc
  • challenging problems such as optimising end of life care
  • update on emergencies e.g. anaphylaxis
  • telephone triage & consulting (including a new model for delivering safe, effective & efficient telephone consults)
  • risk management. Unfortunately the nature and context of OOH means that OOH docs are more likely to be subject to complaints and litigation, we covered what we can learn from the evidence to reduce this risk
OOH is such an important part of GP & OOH docs do such an amazing job, we've thought for a long time there is a need for this course & all the delegates yesterday definitely agreed. As ever, we think GPs do an amazing job and OOH GPs do the most amazing job of all. It was a real feel-good day about OOH care and had a great energy and positive vibe to it.

We'll be rolling the course out across the UK later this year. Contact us at www.nbmedical.com if you're interested.

If you've never been to N Ireland, do come & visit it's beautiful - especially Game of Thrones fans!

Simon




Wednesday, 30 April 2014

The 5:2 Fast Diet


GP Tips: The 5:2 Fast Diet
Dr Kevin Fernando

“Doctor, what do you think of the Fast diet?”

 The phenomenally popular Fast Diet (www.thefastdiet.co.uk) was devised by Dr. Michael Moseley and Mimi Spencer and gained notoriety after the broadcast of a BBC Horizon documentary “East, Fast and Live Longer” during August 2012 (you can watch it here http://vimeo.com/54089463) Moseley subsequently published a best-selling book “The Fast Diet: The Secret of Intermittent Fasting - Lose Weight, Stay Healthy, Live Longer” (http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1780721676)

This diet dictates that you eat normally 5 days weekly, and “fast” the remaining 2 days.  On fasting days, women eat 500kcal daily, and men 600kcal.

In addition to weight loss, Moseley claims increased lifespan and cognitive function, protection against Alzheimer’s dementia and “general protection from disease” – bold claims indeed!

So What is the Evidence Base for the Fast Diet?

The Fast diet is based on the work of Dr. Krista Varady, a pioneer of alternate day fasting (ADF) so immediately there is a departure from the original literature where there were 3 or 4 fasting days weekly.  A further discrepancy was that Varady’s subjects took their food allowance in one sitting (to promote a fasting state) whereas Moseley spreads it over 2 meals. 

As you can imagine, there are very few human studies and many animal studies.  Furthermore, the published studies are mostly short-term.

Weight Loss

Varady published a reasonably robust study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition during 2009 however involving just 16 obese subjects.  Varady demonstrated a significant reduction in weight, lipid profile and BP with ADF.  Average weight loss after 8 weeks was 5kg. 

Cognitive Function & Dementia

These claims are based on 2 poor quality studies.  The first (Johnson et al (2006) Medical Hypotheses), was an extrapolation from an ethically dubious study undertaken in Spain during the 1950s, which involved fasting nursing home residents and following them up to see who died first, compared with non-fasted residents (I kid you not!). The second study involved intermittently fasting genetically engineered mice and observing how they performed in a water maze test (Halagappa et al (2006) Neurobiological Disease)

 General Protection Against Disease

This claim is based on a study by Harvie et al published in the International Journal of Obesity during 2010.  This is a higher quality randomised study involving 107 overweight women and did actually use a protocol involving 2 fasting days weekly.  Harvie et al demonstrated a mean weight loss of 6.4kg over 6 months, and also significant improvements in insulin sensitivity, and reductions in BP and lipid profiles.

Probably most telling of all was a systematic review of ADF authored by Varady herself in 2007, which stated that ADF may protect against heart disease, type 2 diabetes and cancer, however much more research is required.

Should We Recommend the Fast Diet to Patients?

Despite a somewhat shaky (albeit promising) evidence base, that both departs and extrapolates from original literature, there is plenty anecdotal evidence for significant weight loss with the Fast diet in both patients and medical colleagues!

And actually the Fast diet is sustainable in the short to medium term unlike many other fad diets (the Paleo diet! anecdotally, patients, friends and colleagues certainly say they find the 5:2 diet easier to comply with than they would have expected to, and whilst we lack comparative evidence of sustainability and weight loss with other diets this alone may make it a reasonable choice to advise to patients)

Ultimately, it’s not rocket science – it’s simply about total calorie reduction – if our (male) patients regularly consume 3800kcal less per week, which can only be a good thing.

If supporting type 2 diabetes patients to undertake the Fast diet, it is important to either down-titrate or cease any hypoglycaemic medication on fast days. 

Finally, the main theory of Moseley is that humans evolved during times of severe dietary restriction, and that fasting was the norm and conferred health benefits.  Surely then, we should be completely abstaining from food during the fast days?  Some food for thought…Boom Boom…

 References

Harvie MN et al (2011) “The effects of intermittent or continuous energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers: a randomized trial in young overweight women” Int J Obes (Lond) 35(5): 714-727

Varady KA & Hellerstein MK (2007) “Alternate-day fasting and chronic disease prevention: a review of human and animal trials” Am J Clin Nutr 86: 7-13

Varady KA et al (2009) “Short-term modified alternate-day fasting: a novel dietary strategy for weight loss and cardioprotection in obese adults” Am J Clin Nutr 90: 1138-43